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Railways

INTRODUCTION

Brief history of railways
Future of railways
Characteristics of railways
Advantages of railways
Trends in modern railways
Trains of tomorrow
Q: What type of energy does a railway engine utilize?
Q: What are the types of railway engines?
Q: How do you calculate the horsepower of a railway engine?
Q: How do you manufacture a railway engine?
Q: How do you manufacture a railway car?
Q: How do you calculate the required dimensions, and strength of rails?
RAILWAY SURVEYS

Reasons for laying a new railway line
Strategic consideration
Linking of trade centres
Connecting port with the interior of the region
Shortening existing route
Laying of a branch line
Undeveloped area
Factors influencing the proposed route
Railway surveys
Reconnaissance survey
Objects of reconnaissance survey
Importance of reconnaissance survey
Information gathered in reconnaissance survey
Factors to be kept in view during reconnaissance survey
Instruments for reconnaissance survey

Preliminery survey

Object of priliminery survey
Importance of preliminery survey
Work of priliminery survey
Instruments for priliminery survey

Location survey

Object of location survey
Importance of location survey
Work of location survey
Instruments for location survey
Project report and drawings
Construction of new lines
Questions
TRAIN RESISTANCES AND ROLLING STOCK

Train resistances

Resistance due to friction and wave action
Resistance due to curves
Resistance due to gradients
Resistance due to speed of the train
Rollingstock

Locomotives
Essential parts of a locomotive
Design of locomotive
Classification
Power of locomotive

Coaches

Earlier coaches
Moderncoaches
Double decker coaches

Wagons
Timber truck wagon
Cattle wagon
Oil tank wagon
Petrol tank wagon
Hopper wagon
Powder wagon
Well wagon
Refrigerated wagon
Special wagons

Train-brakes


Compressed air brakes
Vacuum brakes
Dynamometer car
Questions
RAIL GAUGES

Definition of gauge of track
Gauges in different regions

Traffic condition

Development of poor areas
Cost of track
Speed of movement
Nature of region
Uniformity in gauges
Difficulties to passengers
Difficulties for sending goods
Inefficient use of rolling stock
Difficulty in war
Equipment at station
Hindrance for future conversion
Unigauge project of Indian railways
Loading gauge and construction gauge
Questions
RAILS

Permanent way and its requirements
Functions of rails
Requirements of an ideal rail
Types of rails
Double headed rails
Bull headed rails
Flat footed rails
Steel for rails
Weight and section of rails
Marking on rails
Corrugated or roaring rails
Meaning
Causes
Occurrence
Effects
Types
Peculiar properties
Remedy
Corrosion of rails
Length of rail
Welding of rails
Purposes
Advantages of welding of rails
Methods of welding
Wear of rails
Wear of rails on top or head of rail
Wear of rails at ends of rails
Wear of rail on the sides of the head of rail
Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails
) Use of special alloy steel
Good maintenance of track
Reduction of expansion gap
Exchange of inner and outer rails on curves
Introducing check rails
Use of lubricating oil
Head hardened rails
Measuring wear of rails
Renewal of rails
Wear of rails
Use of heavier locomotives
Construction of branch lines
Bending of rails
Failure of rails
Crushed head
Transverse fissure
Split head
Horizontal fissure
Square or angular brakes
Coning of wheels
Hogged rails
Buckling
Questions
RAIL FASTENINGS

Rail joints
Avoidance of rail joints
Types of rail joints
Types according to position of joints
Types according to position of sleepers
Requirements of an ideal fastening
Fastenings for rails
Fish-plates
Purpose
Design
Detailes
Compound or junction fish-plates
Failure of fish-plates
Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts
Spikes
Purpose of spikes
Requirements of good spike
Types of spike
Fang-bolts
Hook-bolts
Chairs and keys
Bearing-plates
Questions
SLEEPERS

Functions of sleepers
Types of sleepers
Longitudinal sleepers
Transverse sleepers
Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper
Materials for cross-sleepers
Timber or wooden sleepers
Steel sleepers
Cast-iron sleepers
Concrete sleepers
Sleeperdensity
Questions
BALLAST

Functions of ballast
Requirements of an ideal material for ballast
Materials used as ballast
Broken stone
Gravel
Ashes of cinders
Sand
Kankar
Moorum
Brickbats
Selected earth
Size and quantity of ballast
Screening of ballast
Questions
PLATE-LAYING

Meaning of the term
Methods of plate-laying
Tram line or side method
Telescopic method
American method
Materials required per unit length of track
Ballast trains
Relaying of track
Questions
MAINTENANCE

General
Necessity for maintenance of track
Maintenance of track proper
Duties of a gangmate or a ganger
Duties of a keyman
Duties of a permanent way inspector
Blowing joints
High joints
Pumping joints
Maintenance of railway bridges
Maintenance of rolling stock
Accidents
Signalling during maintenance
Estimating speed of a running train
Counting the rail joints passed
Counting the telegraph posts
Speed restriction
Tools required during maintenance
Packing
Rail inspection
Track inspection
Maintenance and boxing of ballast
Track imprest
Trackwork for high speeds
Speeds on the Indian railways
Emergency measures
Diversions
Ash or selected earth
Temporary supports
Scouring
Wagons with rubble
Breadown vans
Questions
CREEP

Definition
Causes of creep
Brakes
Wave action
Percussion theory
Changes in temperature
Factors determining magnitude of creep
Alignment of track
Gradient of track
Direction of motion of trains
Embankments
Weight and type of rail
Results of creep
Method of measuring the creep
Methods of correcting the creep
Pulling back of rails method
Use of creep anchors
Use of steel sleepers
Questions
CURYATURE OF TRACK

Objections to curvature of track
Designation of a curve
Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature
Transition curves
Requirements of transition curve
Forms of transition curve
Length of transition curve
Shift
Super-elevation or cant
Factors affecting super-elevation
Frictional resistance
Coning of wheels
Body of the vehicle
Weighted average
Speed of trains on curves
Deficiency in super-elevation
Grade compensation on curves
Bending of rails on curves
Cutting of rails on curves
Widening gauge on curves
Spirals
Switch-backs
Rack railways
String-Iining of curves Questions
STATIONS AND YARDS

General
Definition of a station
Purposes of a railway station
Selection of site for a railway station
Features of a railway station
Public requirements
Traffic requirements
Requirement of locomotive department
General requirements
Types of stations
Wayside stations
Junctions
Terminals
Platforms
Passenger platforms
Goods platforms
Staff quarters
Goods traffic at wayside stations
Catch sidings
Definition of a yard
Types of yards
Passenger yards
Goods yards
Marshalling yards
Locomotive yards
Level-crossing
Process of classification of level-crossings
Questions
STATION MACHINERY

Meaning of the term
Engine sheds
Rectangular type engine shade
Circular type engine shade
Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits
Drop pits
Water columns
Triangles
Turntables
Traversers
Cranes
Weigh-bridges
Scotch blocks
Bufferstops
Derailing switch or trap switch
Sand hump on snag dead-end
Cow catcher
Questions
POINTS AND CROSSINGS

Purpose for providing points and crossings
Some definitions
Sleepers laid for points and crossings
Through sleepers
Interlaced sleepers
Steel for points and crossings
Switches
Stub switch
Split switch
Shapes of switches
Undercut switches
Straight cut switches
Over-riding switches or composite switches
Lengths of stock rails and tongue rails
Heel divergence or heel clearance
Switch angle
Throw of switch
Crossings
Types of crossings
Ordinary or acute crossing
Double or obtuse crossing
Theoretical nose of crossing and actual nose of crossing
Crossing clearance
Crossing number
Crossing angle
Right angle or cole's method
Centre-line method
Isosceles triangle method
Different types of leads and their calculations
Laying of points and crossings
Maintenance of points and crossings
Questions
COMBINATIONS OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS

General
Cross-overs
Scissors cross-over
Slips
Fixed point
Three throws
Tandems or double turnouts
Gathering lines or ladder tracks
Gauntlet tracks
Double junctions
Questions
SIGNALLING

General
Objects of signalling
Types of signals
Classification according to function
Stock signals or semaphore type signals
Warner signals
Disc or ground signals
Coloured light signals
Classification according to location
Outer signal
Home signal
Starter signal
Advance starter signal
Special signals
Routing signals
Repeating signals
Co-acting signals
Calling-on signals
Indicators
Miscelleneous signals
Typical layouts
Control of movements of trains
Following trains system
Absolute block system
Automatic signalling
Pilot guard system
Centralized traffic control system
Telecommunication
Compensators
Fouling marks
Track capacity
Electrification on the Indian railways
Questions
INTERLOCKING

Definition
Essential principles of interlocking
Methods of interlocking
Tappets and locks system
Key system
Route relay system
Slotting of signals
Meaning of the term
Principles
Purposes
Methods
Detectors
Point lock and treadle or lock bar
Interlocking of level-crossings
Interlocking standards
Improvements in interlocking and signalling
Questions
RAILWAY TRACTION

Tractive effort of a locomotive
Track stresses
Elastic theory
Procedure for determining track stresses
Questions
EARTHWORK AND DRAINAGE

General
Usual forms of cross-sections
Features of railroad bed level
Width of formation
Slopes of sides
Drains
Method of construction
Drainage
Action of water
Importance of drainage
Requirments of drainage system
Stabilization of track on poor soil
Layer or blanket of moorum or sand
Cement grouting
Sand piles
Use of chemicals
By providing capillary break or cut-off
Questions
TUNNELLING

General
Definition of a tunnel
Tunnelling through rock
Full face method
Heading and bench system
Cantilever car dump method
Drift system
Pilot tunnel method
Tunnelling through soft ground
Forepolliing method
Needle beam method
Five-peice set method
Liner plates method
Other methods
Methods of tunnelling through sub-acqueous strata
Shield tunnelling
Plenum process or compressed air tunnelling
Drainage of tunnels
Sumps and pumps
Grounting
Pilot tunnel
Ventilation of tunnels
Lighting
Shafts
Drilling
Raising
Gloryholing
Mucking
Hauling
Lining of tunnels
Size and shape of tunnels
Underground railways
Calcutta Metro
Tube railways
Maintenance of railway tunnels
Questions
MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

Meaning of the term
Necessity in railways
Stores
Purchasing department
Store keeping
Stock control
ABC analysis
VED analysis
Spare parts management
Classification
Codiffication
Initial provisioning
Selective control
Questions
Department/Ministry of Railways
Train Running Information
Rail SMS Service
Trains at a Glance
Services You Can Use
PNR Enquiry
Accommodation on train till Departure
Fare Enquiry
Trains between Metros
Trains between Stations
Internet Reservation
Train Between Important Stations
Upgraded Passenger Scheme/Chart
Weekly Availability at Stations
Vacant Berth Status on Running Train
Quota