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Cattle Breeds
  1. Aberdeen-Angus

  2. Abigar

  3. Abondance

  4. Abyssian Highland Zebu

  5. Abyssian Shorthorned Zebu

  6. Aceh

  7. Achham

  8. Adamawa

  9. Aden

  10. Afghan

  11. Africander

  12. Africangus

  13. Agerolese

  14. Alambadi

  15. Ala-Tau

  16. Albanian

  17. Albanian Dwarf

  18. Alberes

  19. Albese

  20. Aleutian wild

  21. Alentejana

  22. Aliad Dinka

  23. Alistana-Sanabresa

  24. Alur

  25. American Angus

  26. American Beef Friesian

  27. American Breed

  28. American Brown Swiss

  29. American White Park

  30. Amerifax

  31. Amritmahal

  32. Anatolian Black

  33. Andalusian Black

  34. Andalusian Blond

  35. Andalusian Grey

  36. Angeln

  37. Angoni

  38. Ankina

  39. Ankole-Watusi

  40. Aosta

  41. Aosta Balck Pied

  42. Aosta Chestnut

  43. Aosta Red Pied

  44. Apulian Podolian

  45. Aracena

  46. Arado

  47. Argentine Crillo

  48. Argentine Friesian

  49. Armorican

  50. Arouquesa

  51. Arsi

  52. Asturian

  53. Atpadi Mahal

  54. Aubrac

  55. Aulie-Ata

  56. Aure et Saint-Girons

  57. Australian Braford

  58. Australian Brangus

  59. Australian Charbray

  60. Australain Commercial Dairy Cow

  61. Australain Friesian Sahiwal

  62. Australain Grey

  63. Australian Lowline

  64. Australian Milking Zebu

  65. Australian Shorthorn

  66. Australian White

  67. Austrian Simmental

  68. Austrian Yellow

  69. Avetonou

  70. Avilena

  71. Avilena-Black Iberian

  72. Aweil Dinka

  73. Ayrshire

  74. Azaouak

  75. Azebuado

  76. Azerbaijan Zebu

  77. Azores

  78. Bachaur

  79. Baggara

  80. Baggerbont

  81. Bahima

  82. Baila

  83. Bakosi

  84. Bakwiri

  85. Baladi

  86. Baltic Black Pied

  87. Bambara

  88. Bambawa

  89. Bambey

  90. Bami

  91. Banyo

  92. Baoule

  93. Bapedi

  94. Bargur

  95. Bari

  96. Baria (Vietnam)

  97. Baria (Madagascar)

  98. Barka

  99. Barotse

  100. Barra do Cuanzo

  101. Barrosa

  102. Barroso

  103. Barzona

  104. Bashi

  105. Basuto

  106. Batanes Black

  107. Batangas

  108. Batawana

  109. Bavenda

  110. Bazadais

  111. Bearnais

  112. Beefalo

  113. Beefmaker (US)

  114. Beefmaker (Aussie)

  115. Beefmaster

  116. Beef Shorthorn

  117. Beef Synthetic

  118. Beijing Black Pied

  119. Beiroa

  120. Beja

  121. Belgian Black Pied

  122. Belgian Blue

  123. Belgian Red

  124. Belgian Red Pied

  125. Belgian White-and-Red

  126. Belmont Red

  127. Belted Galloway

  128. Belted Welsh

  129. Bengali

  130. Bericiana

  131. Berrendas

  132. Bestuzhev

  133. Betizuak

  134. Bhagnari

  135. Biamal

  136. Black Baldy

  137. Black Forest

  138. Black Iberian

  139. Blanco Orejinergo

  140. Blauw and Blauwbont

  141. Bleu du Nord

  142. Blonde d'Aquitaine

  143. Blonde du Sud-Ouest

  144. Bolivian Criollo

  145. Bonsmara

  146. Boran

  147. Borgou

  148. Boreno Zebu

  149. Braford

  150. Bragado do Sorraia

  151. Braganca

  152. Brahman

  153. Brahmin

  154. Brahorn

  155. Bralers

  156. Bra-Maine

  157. Brahmousin

  158. Brandrood IJsselvee

  159. Brangus

  160. Bra-Swiss

  161. Bravon

  162. Brazilian Dairy Hybrid

  163. Brazilian Gir

  164. Brazilian Polled

  165. Brazilian Zebu

  166. Breton Black Pied

  167. British Dane

  168. British Friesian

  169. British Holstein

  170. British Polled Hereford

  171. British White

  172. Brown Atlas

  173. Brownsind

  174. Bulgarian Brown

  175. Bulgarian Red

  176. Bulgarian Simmental

  177. Burlina

  178. Burmese

  179. Burwash

  180. Busa

  181. Bushuev

  182. Butana

  183. Byelorussian Red

  184. Byelorussian Synthetic

  185. Cabannina

  186. Cachena

  187. Caiua

  188. Calabrian

  189. Cadeano

  190. Caldelana

  191. Calvana

  192. Camargue

  193. Cambodian

  194. Canadien

  195. Canary Island

  196. Canchim

  197. Cape Bon Blond

  198. Caracu

  199. Carazebu

  200. Cardena

  201. Carpathian Brown

  202. Carrena

  203. Casanareno

  204. Cash

  205. Casina

  206. Castille-Leon

  207. Caucasian

  208. Caucasian Brown

  209. Central American Dairy Criollo

  210. Central Asian Zebu

  211. Central Russian Black Pied

  212. Chagga

  213. Chan-Doc

  214. Chaouia

  215. Cahqueno

  216. Charbray

  217. Charford

  218. Charolais

  219. Charollandrais

  220. Char-Swiss

  221. Charwiss

  222. Cheju

  223. Chernigov

  224. Chesi

  225. Cheurfa

  226. Chiangus

  227. Chianina

  228. Chiford

  229. Chimaine

  230. Chinampo

  231. Chinese Black-and-White

  232. Chino Santandereano

  233. Chittagong

  234. Cholistani

  235. Cildir

  236. Cinisara

  237. Colombian Criollo

  238. Coopelso 93

  239. Cornigliese

  240. Corriente

  241. Corsican

  242. Costeno con Cuernos

  243. Cretan Lowland

  244. Cretan Mountain

  245. Croatian Red

  246. Cuban Criollo

  247. Cuban Zebu

  248. Cukurova

  249. Cuprem Hybrid

  250. Curraleiro

  251. Cutchi

  252. Cyprus

  253. Czech Pied

  254. Dabieshan

  255. Dacca-Faridpur

  256. Dagestan Mountains

  257. Dairy Gir

  258. Dairy Shorthorn

  259. Dairy Synthetic

  260. Dairy Zebu of Uberaba

  261. Dajjal

  262. Damara

  263. Damascus

  264. Damietta

  265. Danakil

  266. Dangi

  267. Danish Red Pied

  268. Danish Blue-and-White

  269. Danish Jersey

  270. Danish Red

  271. Danish Red Pied

  272. Dashtiara

  273. Dengchuan

  274. Deoni

  275. Devarakota

  276. Devni

  277. Devon

  278. Dexter

  279. Dexter-Kerry

  280. Dhanni

  281. Diali

  282. Didinga

  283. Dishti

  284. Djakore

  285. Dneiper

  286. Doayo

  287. Dobrogea

  288. Dongola

  289. Doran

  290. Dorna

  291. Dortyol

  292. Drakensberger

  293. Droughtmaster

  294. Dun Galloway

  295. Dutch Belted

  296. Dutch Black Pied

  297. East African Zebu

  298. East Anatolian Red

  299. East Anatolian Red and White

  300. Eastern Nuer

  301. East Finnish

  302. East Friesian

  303. East Macedonian

  304. Ecuador Criollo

  305. Egyptian

  306. Enderby Island Shorthorn

  307. Epirus

  308. Estonian Black Pied

  309. Estonian Native

  310. Estonian Red

  311. Ethiopian Boran

  312. Faeroes

  313. Fellata

  314. Ferrandais

  315. Fighting Bull

  316. Finnish

  317. Finnish Ayrshire

  318. Flemish

  319. Flemish Red

  320. Florida Scrub

  321. Fogera

  322. Fort Cross

  323. Franqueiro

  324. Frati

  325. French Brown

  326. French Friesian

  327. Friesland

  328. Frijolillo

  329. FRS

  330. Gacko

  331. Gado da Terra

  332. Galician Blond

  333. Galloway

  334. Gambian N'Dama

  335. Gaolao

  336. Garfagnina

  337. Garre

  338. Gasara

  339. Gascon

  340. Gelbvieh

  341. Georgian Mountain

  342. German Angus

  343. German Black Pied

  344. German Black Pied Dairy

  345. German Brown

  346. German Red

  347. German Red Peid

  348. German Shorthorn

  349. German Simmental

  350. Ghana Sanga

  351. Ghana Shorthorn

  352. Gir

  353. Giriama

  354. Girolando

  355. Glan

  356. Glan-Donnersberg

  357. Gloucester

  358. Gobra

  359. Gole

  360. Golpayegani

  361. Goomsur

  362. Gorbatov Red

  363. Goryn

  364. Grati

  365. Greater Caucasus

  366. Greek Shorthorn

  367. Greek Steppe

  368. Grey Alpine

  369. Greyman

  370. Groningen Whitehead

  371. Grossetana

  372. Guadiana Spotted

  373. Gaunling

  374. Guelma

  375. Guernsey

  376. Gujamavu

  377. Guzera

  378. Guzerando

  379. Hainan

  380. Halhin

  381. Hallikar

  382. Hariana

  383. Harton

  384. Harz

  385. Hatton

  386. Hawaiian wild

  387. Hays Converter

  388. Hereford

  389. Hereland

  390. Herens

  391. Highland

  392. Hinterland

  393. Hissar

  394. Holgus

  395. Holmonger

  396. Holstein

  397. Horro

  398. Hrbinecky

  399. Huangpi

  400. Huertana

  401. Humbi

  402. Hungarian Grey

  403. Hungarian Pied

  404. Hungarfries

  405. Ibage

  406. Icelandic

  407. Illawarra

  408. Ilocos

  409. Iloilo

  410. Improved Rodopi

  411. Indo-Brazilian Zebu

  412. Ingessana

  413. Inkuku

  414. INRA 9

  415. Iraqi

  416. Irish Moiled

  417. Iskar

  418. Israeli Friesian

  419. Istoben

  420. Istrian

  421. Italian Brown

  422. Italian Friesian

  423. Italian Red Pied

  424. Jamaica Black

  425. Jamica Brahman

  426. Jamica Hope

  427. Jamica Red

  428. Japanese Black

  429. Japanese Brown

  430. Japanese Native

  431. Japanese Poll

  432. Japanese Shorthorn

  433. Jarmelista

  434. Jaulan

  435. Javanese

  436. Javanese Ongole

  437. Javanese Zebu

  438. Jellicut

  439. Jem-Jem Zebu

  440. Jenubi

  441. Jerdi

  442. Jersey

  443. Jersian

  444. Jersind

  445. Jiddu

  446. Jijjiga Zebu

  447. Jinnan

  448. Jochberg

  449. Jotko

  450. Kabota

  451. Kabyle

  452. Kachcha Siri

  453. Kalakheri

  454. Kalmyk

  455. Kamasia

  456. Kamba

  457. Kamdhino

  458. Kandahari

  459. Kanem

  460. Kangayam

  461. Kaningan

  462. Kankrej

  463. Kaokoveld

  464. Kappiliyan

  465. Kapsiki

  466. Karamajong

  467. Karan Fries

  468. Karan Swiss

  469. Katerini

  470. Kavirondo

  471. Kazkh

  472. Kazkh Whitehead

  473. Kedah-Kelantan

  474. Kenana

  475. Kenkatha

  476. Kenran

  477. Kenya Boran

  478. Kenya Zebu

  479. Kerry

  480. Keteku

  481. Khamala

  482. Kherigarh

  483. Khevsurian

  484. Khillari

  485. Kholmogory

  486. Khurasani

  487. Kigezi

  488. Kikuyu

  489. Kilara

  490. Kilis

  491. Kinniya

  492. Kisantu

  493. Kochi

  494. Kolubara

  495. Konari

  496. Korean Native

  497. Kostroma

  498. Kravarsky

  499. Krishnagiri

  500. Krishina Valley

  501. Kuchinoshima

  502. Kumamoto

  503. Kumauni

  504. Kurdi

  505. Kurgan

  506. Kuri

  507. Kyoga

  508. Ladakhi

  509. Lagune

  510. Lakenvelder

  511. Las Bela

  512. Latuka

  513. Latvian Blue

  514. Latvian Brown

  515. La Velasquez

  516. Lavinia

  517. Lebanese

  518. Lebedin

  519. Lesser Caucasus

  520. Liberian Dwarf

  521. Libyan

  522. Lim

  523. Limiana

  524. Limousin

  525. Limpurger

  526. Lincoln Red

  527. Lithuanian Red

  528. Llanero

  529. Lobi

  530. Local Indian Dairy

  531. Lohani

  532. Longhorn

  533. Lourdais

  534. Lowline

  535. Lucanian

  536. Lucerna

  537. Lugware

  538. Luing

  539. Luxi

  540. Macedonian Blue

  541. Madagascar Zebu

  542. Madaripur

  543. Madura

  544. Magal

  545. Maine-Anjou

  546. Makaweli

  547. Malawi Zebu

  548. Malnad Gidda

  549. Malselv

  550. Maltese cow

  551. Malvi

  552. Mampati

  553. Manapari

  554. Mandalong Special

  555. Mangwato

  556. Mantiqueira

  557. Marchigiana

  558. Maremmana

  559. Marianas

  560. Marinhoa

  561. Maronesa

  562. Maryuti

  563. Masai

  564. Mashona

  565. Matabele

  566. Maure

  567. Mauritius Creole

  568. Mazandarani

  569. Mazury

  570. Meknes Black Pied

  571. Menufi

  572. Merauke

  573. Mere

  574. Mertolenga

  575. Messaoria

  576. Metohija Red

  577. Meuse-Rhine-Yssel

  578. Mewati

  579. Mezzalina

  580. Mhaswald

  581. Milking Devon

  582. Milking Shorthorn

  583. Mingrelian Red

  584. Minhota

  585. Miniature Hereford

  586. Miniature Zebu

  587. Minocran

  588. Mirandesa

  589. Mishima

  590. Modenese

  591. Modicana

  592. Moi

  593. Monchina

  594. Mongalla

  595. Mongolian

  596. Montafon

  597. Montbeliard

  598. Morang

  599. Morenas del Noroeste

  600. Morucha

  601. Mottled Hill

  602. Mozambique Angoni

  603. Mpwapwa

  604. Munshigunj

  605. Murcian

  606. Murgese

  607. Murle

  608. Murnau-Werdenfels

  609. Murray Grey

  610. Muris

  611. Muturu

  612. Nagori

  613. Nakali

  614. Nama

  615. Nandi

  616. Nantais

  617. Nanyang

  618. Ndagu

  619. N'Dama

  620. N'Dama Sanga

  621. Nejdi

  622. Nelore

  623. Nepalese Hill

  624. N'Gabou

  625. Nganda

  626. N'Gaoundere

  627. Nguni

  628. Nilotic

  629. Nimari

  630. Nkedi

  631. Nkone

  632. Normande

  633. Normanzu

  634. North Bangladesh

  635. North Finnish

  636. North Malawi Zebu

  637. North Somali

  638. Norwegian Red

  639. Nuba Mountain

  640. Nuer

  641. Nuras

  642. Nyoro

  643. Okayama

  644. Ongole

  645. Oran

  646. Orapa

  647. Oulmes Blond

  648. Ovambo

  649. Pabna

  650. Pajuna

  651. Palmera

  652. Pakota Red

  653. Pantaneiro

  654. Pantelleria

  655. Paphos

  656. Parthenias

  657. Pechora

  658. Pee Wee

  659. Peloponnesus

  660. Perijanero

  661. Pester

  662. Philippine Native

  663. Piedmont

  664. Pie Rouge de l'Est

  665. Pie Rouge des Plaines

  666. Pinzgauer

  667. Pinzhou

  668. Pisana

  669. Pitangueiras

  670. Polish Black-and-White Lowland

  671. Polish Red-and-White Lowland

  672. Polish Simmental

  673. Polled Charolais

  674. Polled Gir

  675. Polled Guzera

  676. Polled Hereford

  677. Polled Jersey

  678. Polled Lincoln Red

  679. Polled Nelore

  680. Polled Shorthorn (US)

  681. Polled Simmental

  682. Polled Sussex

  683. Polled Welsh Black

  684. Polled Zebu

  685. Poll Friesian

  686. Poll Hereford

  687. Poll Shorthorn (Aussie)

  688. Pontremolese

  689. Ponwar

  690. Porto Amboim

  691. Posavina

  692. Preti

  693. Prewakwa

  694. Puerto Rican

  695. Pul-Mbor

  696. Punganur

  697. Purnea

  698. Pyrenean

  699. Qinchuan

  700. Quasah

  701. Ramgarhi

  702. Ramo Grande

  703. Rana

  704. Randall Lineback

  705. Ranger

  706. Rath

  707. Raya-Azebo

  708. Red and White Friesian

  709. Red and White Holstein

  710. Red Angus

  711. Red Belted Galloway

  712. Red Bororo

  713. Red Brangus

  714. Red Chianina

  715. Red Desert

  716. Red Galloway

  717. Red Kandhari

  718. Red Poll

  719. Red Sindhi

  720. Red Steppe

  721. Reggiana

  722. Regus

  723. Rendena

  724. Renitelo

  725. Retinta

  726. Rhaetian Grey

  727. Rio Limon Dairy Criollo

  728. Riopardense

  729. Rodopi

  730. Rojhan

  731. Romagnola

  732. Roman

  733. Romana Red

  734. Romanian Brown

  735. Romanian Red

  736. Romanian Simmental

  737. Romanian Steppe

  738. Romosinuano

  739. Russian Black Pied

  740. Russian Brown

  741. Russian Simmental

  742. Rustaqi

  743. RX3

  744. Sabre

  745. Sahford

  746. Sahiwal

  747. Saidi

  748. Salers

  749. Salorn

  750. Sanhe

  751. San Martinero

  752. Santa Gertrudis

  753. Sarabi

  754. Sardinian

  755. Sardinian Brown

  756. Sardo-Modicana

  757. Savinja Grey

  758. Sayaguesa

  759. Schwyz-Zeboid

  760. Seferihisar

  761. Senepol

  762. Sengologa

  763. Serbo-Cro Pied

  764. Serbo-Cro Pinzau

  765. Serere

  766. Seshaga

  767. Shahabadi

  768. Shakhansurri

  769. Shandong

  770. Sharabi

  771. Sheko

  772. Shendi

  773. Shetland

  774. Shimane

  775. Shkodra

  776. Shuwa

  777. Siberian Black Pied

  778. Siberian White

  779. Siboney

  780. Simbrah

  781. Simford (Australia)

  782. Simford (Israel)

  783. Simmalo

  784. Simmental

  785. Sinhala

  786. Siri

  787. Sistani

  788. Slovakian Pied

  789. Slovakian Pinzgau

  790. Slovenian Brown

  791. Slovenian Podolian

  792. Small East African Zebu

  793. Socotra

  794. Sokoto Gudali

  795. Somali

  796. Somba

  797. Sonkheri

  798. Son Valley

  799. South African Brown Swiss

  800. South Anatolian Red

  801. South China Zebu

  802. South Devon

  803. Southern Tswana

  804. Southern Ukrainian

  805. South Malawi Zebu

  806. Spanish Brown

  807. Spreca

  808. Sudanese Fulani

  809. Suia

  810. Suisbu

  811. Suk

  812. Suksun

  813. Sunkuma

  814. Sunandini

  815. Sussex

  816. Swedish Ayrshire

  817. Swedish Friesian

  818. Swedish Jersey

  819. Swedish Mountain

  820. Swedish Polled

  821. Swedish Red-and-White

  822. Swiss Black Pied

  823. Swiss Brown

  824. Sychevka

  825. Sykia

  826. Tabapua

  827. Tagil

  828. Taino

  829. Taiwan Zebu

  830. Tajma

  831. Tamankaduwa

  832. Tambov Red

  833. Tanzanian Zebu

  834. Tarai

  835. Tarentaise

  836. Tarina

  837. Taylor

  838. Telemark

  839. Texas Longhorn

  840. Thai

  841. Thailand Fighting cow

  842. Thanh-Hoa

  843. Thari

  844. Thatparkar

  845. Thessaly

  846. Thibar

  847. Thillari

  848. Tibetan

  849. Tinima

  850. Tinos

  851. Tonga

  852. Toposa

  853. Toro

  854. Toronke

  855. Tottori

  856. Toubou

  857. Toupouri

  858. Transylvanian Pinzgua

  859. Tropical

  860. Tropical Dairy Cattle

  861. Tropicana

  862. TSSHZ-1

  863. Tawana

  864. Tudanca

  865. Tuli

  866. Tuni

  867. Turino

  868. Tukana

  869. Turkish Brown

  870. Turkish Grey Steppe

  871. Turkmen

  872. Tux-Zillertal

  873. Tuy-Hoa

  874. Tyrol Grey

  875. Uganda Zebu

  876. Ujumqin

  877. Ukrainian Grey

  878. Ukrainian Whiteheaded

  879. Umblachery

  880. Ural Black Pied

  881. Valdres

  882. Vale and Vaalbonte

  883. Vaynol

  884. Vendee Marsh

  885. Venezuela Criollo

  886. Venezuelan Zebu

  887. Verinesa

  888. Vianesa

  889. Victoria

  890. Vietnamese

  891. Villard-de-Lans

  892. Vogelsberg

  893. Volnsk

  894. Voderwald

  895. Vosges

  896. Wakwa

  897. Watusi (USA)

  898. Welsh Black

  899. Wenshan

  900. West African Dwarf Shorthorn

  901. West African Shorthorn

  902. West Finnish

  903. West Macedonian

  904. Whitebred Shorthorn

  905. White Caceres

  906. White Fulani

  907. White Galloway

  908. White Nile

  909. White Park

  910. White Sange

  911. White Welsh

  912. Witrik

  913. Wodabe

  914. Wokalup

  915. Xinjiang

  916. Xuwen

  917. Yacumeno

  918. Yakut

  919. Yanbian

  920. Yaroslavl

  921. Yellow Franconian

  922. Yemeni Zebu

  923. Yunnan Zebu

  924. Yurino

  925. Zambia Angoni

  926. Zanzibar Zebu

  927. Zaobei

  928. Zavot

  929. Znamensk
Cattle
What are Some Different Types of Cattle?

When most people think of cows, a large, amiable black and white animal probably comes to mind, but there are in fact a wide number of types of cattle, with almost a thousand cattle breeds being raised all over the world for a variety of purposes. Those black and white cattle you're thinking of, by the way, are dairy cattle from the Holstein breed, one of the most widely raised dairy cattle breeds in the world. Cows come in a range of shapes and sizes, for all sorts of purposes, and many people are working to preserve rare cattle breeds, along with the centuries of farming heritage that they represent.

Two major subspecies of cattle are domesticated: Bos taurus taurus, or taurine cattle, and Bos taurus indicus, or zebus. Taurine cattle are adapted for the cooler climates of the Northern Hemisphere, while zebus are better suited for hot, dry climates like those found in Africa. This has actually caused problems among some well-meaning aid organizations, which have exported taurine cattle to Africa to help people with famine conditions, only to discover that these cattle are not suited to the environment, requiring many more resources than zebus and ultimately proving to be more trouble than they are worth.

Types of cattle are generally broken up by purpose. Beef cattle, as you might imagine, are bred to yield large amounts of high quality meat, while dairy cattle have been bred to deliver copious milk with a high butterfat content. Draft cattle are bred to be working animals, pulling plows, carts, and other farm equipment. Multipurpose cattle can perform two or all three of these tasks, depending on the breed.

Some well known examples of beef cows include: Angus, Limousin, Longhorn, North Devon, Wagyu, and Hereford. Popular dairy breeds, in addition to the Holstein, include Brown Swiss, Jersey, Ayrshire, and Milking Shorthorn Cattle. These types of cattle all tend to be more lightweight than beef cattle, and many of them are smaller, as well. Jerseys in particular are renowned for their milk and gentle temperaments.

Belgian Blues, Charolais, Lourdais, Welsh Blacks, and Red Polls are all examples of mixed-use types of cattle. You can also found cattle bred specifically for sport, such as the cattle used in bullfighting and bullriding. A number of breeders have also developed zebu/taurine hybrids, taking advantage of the best traits of both subspecies to create especially strong, flexible types of cattle.

Cow

1. What impact does cold, wet weather have on cows?

The cows use a lot more energy to keep their body temperature warm. The weather, just like us, makes us more vulnerable to colds and flues also. If mud gets into the teats it can cause mastits – an infection that affects not only the cow but the quality of milk.

2. What impact does hot, dry weather have on cows?

The heat causes cows to be uncomfortable which in turn causes them not to chew their cud which makes the milk less rich in butter fat. They don’t feel like eating or drinking in the heat, so they produce less milk.

3. What impact does the weather have on crops, both feed for cows and feed that is sold?

Too much rain zaps the protein out of feed – way too much drowns the crop. Too much sun and not enough rain means nothing grows.

4. What diseases do we deal with within the dairy herd?

A lot of common diseases; affects respiratory system which the dairy farmer vaccinates and tries to prevent.

5. Do you use antibiotics on a dairy farm?

Yes

6. What are antibiotics and what are they used for?

Sometimes cows get sick just like people do. When that happens, we sometimes give them antibiotics to help make them well again. The milk from that cow does not go into the milk supply until she is well again and the antibiotic is no longer in her body. Milk is tested several times before it is bottled.

Cow Questions

7. We realize that antibiotics are “zero tolerance” at dairy plants, how do they test to be sure milk is safe?

They run the test tubes taken from each dairy farm before the big tankers are empty. In the rare event that inspectors find any antibiotic residues in the tanker, the milk is dumped to make sure the milk you drink is safe.

8. Are milk and dairy foods really subject to 17 government required and voluntary industry safety checks from farm to table?

Yes, milk and dairy products are among the most highly regulated foods available. Pasteurization is the most important food safety tool in use in the world today.

9. Do you use computers to help your dairy records?

Yes, name and number of each cow.

10. What do you record on the computers?

We record production of each cow, history of cows, birthdates, reproduction (births) each cow has.

11. Some dairies have a feed consultant come once a month, what do they do? The consultant looks the herd over. After looking at the herd’s manure he can tell if they are digesting their food and adjust their diet accordingly.

12. Some dairies have a veterinarian come by once a month or more. What do they do? The veterinarian checks the cattle to see which ones are pregnant and the overall health of cattle.

13. Some dairies have a field man come once a month to test the production of each cow. How do they do this?

He has a special meter he hooks to each milk machine and these meters tell the dairy farmer how milk each cow gives.

14. How many times a year is a dairy inspected by a state inspector?

5-6 times a year, a state inspector comes to the dairy unannounced. 15. How many times a year is a dairy inspected by a federal inspector?

Federal inspectors and unannounced and vary from year to year.

16. What do they look for?

Build up in milk pipeline and milk tank medicine labeled right, extra clean walls, ceilings and floors, cow lots cleaned, no holes in screen door.

17. Do dairy farmers help protect the environment? What do they do with the manure?

Dairy farmers abide by strict laws and regulations to protect our earth, water and air. To do that, America’s dairy farmers work in partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state government regulators to ensure that their farm remains clean and employ environmentally sound production practices. At our dairy we scrape the lots and haul the manure and spread it and work it in the ground on certain fields, this fertilizer is excellent for the next year’s crops.

18. How many years do cows get milked?

Average years of lactation are 7 years.

19. How many pounds of milk does it take to make one pound of cheese?

10 pounds of milk makes 1 pound of cheese

20. How many pounds of milk does each cow give each day?

55-60 pounds average in the United States

21. How many pounds does it take to make one gallon of ice cream?

11.6 pounds or 22 cups of milk to make one gallon

22. Why do dairy farmers record cow’s milk in pounds instead of gallons?

Because pounds are a more accurate measurement, farmers are paid by the pound for milk. 23. How many pounds are in a gallon of milk?

8.6 pounds – water is 8.9 pounds

24. How many cups of milk does one cow give a day? One average cow fed with quality feeds can give 90-100 cups of milk and more depending on the cow.

25. If a cow does not get quality feeds, does it really affect how much milk the cow will give?

Yes, if the cow gets quality feeds she can produce 100 cups (even more) per day, however, if the cow just eats grass all day she may only produce 50 cups.

26. How many times a day does the cow get milked? On our dairy 2 times, however some dairy farms milk 3 times a day. 27. Once you start milking a cow do you keep milking her everyday? What will happen if you don’t? Once you start to milk a cow you have to milk her everyday, if you don’t she will not continue to give milk, she can also become ill with an infection in her udder called mastits.

28. What time do you milk the cows? 5:00 am / 5:00 pm

29. Do you have to milk at a certain time? Why?

You can milk any time as long as you milk 2 times a day and about 12 hours apart. If a cow is not milked at least every 12 hours she will be uncomfortable (the udder feels full and this causes discomfort). She will give less milk for example a cow being milked 2 times a day giving 70 pounds will give 77 pounds if milked 3 times a day. So if she is not milked the opposite happens. If never milked again she will dry up and will not be able to produce milk again until she has a baby calf. A lot of the times if a milking gets missed it can cause an infection called mastit in the udder.

30. Does the milking hurt the cow?

No, the milking feels good to the cow.

31. Where does the milk come out at?

The milk comes out of the little hole, called an orifice at the tip of each teat.

32. How do you make the milk come out? When you wash the cows udder off it feels like a massage. The massage sends a signal to the cow’s brain to release the milk.

33. How long does it take to milk a cow, by hand? By machine? It takes 12-20 minutes to milk by hand. It takes about 5 minutes with a machine.

34. What’s the very first thing that has to be done to the cow before you can milk her?

The udder is washed with a special iodine mixture that kills germs and the iodine also has a moisturizer to keep their udder from drying out and getting chapped.

35. Once outside the cow where does the milk go?

Milk is never exposed to air because it has no protection from contaminants; it goes untouched by human hands to the milk tanks in our milk house room. It is cooled within a few minutes to 38 degrees. The next day the truck (thermos on wheels) will take it to the plant. The second day (after pasteurization, vitamin D added, and homogenization) the milk is on the market shelf. 2 days out of the cow it is on the market shelf or in your school.

36. Is it true milk is never touched by human hands?

Yes, milk goes directly from cow into the milkpipes and is vacuumed into the milk tank (thermos on wheels).

37. What temperature is the milk when it comes out of the cow?

The milk is the same temperature of the cow which is about 101 degrees.

38. Why is it so important to get the milk cooled to 38 degrees so quickly?

Actually milk is quickly cooled to 38 degrees and held there. It’s important to cool quickly so the milk stays fresh.

39. How do you get it cooled so quickly?

We have a special machine called a pre-cooler that cools the milk with cold water (from 101 to

76) from there it is pumped into the milkholding tank which cools it to 38 degrees in just minutes.

40. Where do you store all that milk?

Special tanks that are like thermos very well insulated in the milk house room of the barn, the temp of milk should be 38 degrees.

41. How do you get the milk from the farm into these big trucks?

The milk is pumped from the milk tanks to the big trucks by a vacuum on the truck and a big hose hooked to the bottom of the milk tank to the milk truck..

42. How often do those big trucks pick up the farmers milk?

Every 2 days, the huge dairies pipe their milk right into semi trucks and they cool the milk just like our special tanks.

43. Where do the big trucks take the farmers milk?

To the nearest dairy plant, in our case, is Wichita’s Highland Dairy Plant.

44. What do they do with the farmer’s milk when it reaches the city?

Milk samples are first tested in a lab to ensure that only the purest milk is used. Milk that is not top quality or that hasn’t been kept cold will show on these tests, and this milk is not processed for people to drink. The milk is then homogenized then pasteurized and Vitamin D is added then bottled and sent out to be sold.

45. Is milk really one of the safest foods?

Yes, there are so many tests done before milk is put on our tables.

46. How long does it take milk to be at the grocery store after it leaves you cows? 2 days

47. Is milk really considered “nearly perfect food”?

Yes, milk is our best single food.

48. What are the primary nutrients found in milk and dairy products? Calcium, riboflavin, Vitamin D, protein, Vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, niacin, Vitamin B12.

49. What vitamins are added to milk at the processing plant? How do they add them?

They add Vitamin D concentrate to the milk. You need to attend a dairy tour to learn how they add Vitamin D.

50. How do they do the pasteurization and homogenization?

Homogenization cause fat globules in whole milk to be fragmented into tiny molecules that will not regroup. Milk is pasteurized by 2 methods. The holding process requires the heating of the milk to 143-145 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes and the cooling rapidly. The flash process is accomplished by heating the milk to 160-180 degrees Fahrenheit for 15 seconds and then cooling.

51. How much milk or milk servings should you have a day?

Children age 1-3 year need 3 servings. (Child serving is 2/3 cup milk) Age 4-8, 3 servings, Teens 9-18 need 4, Age 19-50 need 3 and adults age 51+ years need 4 servings.

52. What does milk do for your health?

Give us strong bones and teeth, health skin, gives us better night vision.

53. What other products does milk make?

White and chocolate milk (and other flavors), buttermilk, cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt, ice cream and frozen yogurt, butter, cream, sour cream, whipped cream.

54. How much milk is consumed as fluid milk and how much milk is used for other products in the USA?

This varies depending on time of year (school kids drink milk). This information will be given at the dairy tour also.

55. What dairy products are the most popular in the USA? Cheese, ice cream, yogurt.

56. What does Grade A milk mean?

Years ago they put grades on milk according to quality. Grade A milk is top quality.

57. What is raw milk? Raw milk is just out of the cow – not pasteurized.

58. How much food does one cow eat in a day?

One cow eats 90 pounds of food in one day.

59. What kinds of foods do cows eat?

Cows eat alfalfa hay, corn, hominy, distllersgrain, baking soda, cottonseed, depending on the state or country because most foods for cows are raised close to the dairy farms.

60. How much water does one dairy cow drink in a day?

One dairy cow drinks 25-50 gallons in a day. 61. Why do some farmers put gold fish in their farm tanks?

The gold fish help keep the water clean by eating the algae and the food that comes into the tank off of the cow’s mouth.

62. Do cows have more than one stomach?

Yes a cow has 4 stomachs

63. How do they digest their food?

Cows pull the feed in with their strong rough tongues and swallow it quickly without chewing it. The food goes into the first stomach and then second stomach. When the cow has eaten her fill she burps up a small amount of food called cud, she chews the food or cud thoroughly, she swallows it and it goes into the third stomach and then moves to the fourth where digestions actually occurs.

64. Why do cows look like their chewing gum?

That chewing is called chewing cud, refer to #63.

65. How many hours a day does a milk cow eat?

Cows spend 6 ½ hours a day eating.

66. How many days does it take the cows body to process her food into milk? It takes the cows about 2 days to process her food into milk.

67. Do male of female cows give milk?

Females

68. What are males called? What are females called? What are babies called? Bulls, Heifers or Cows, and Calves

69. How old are cows when they have their first calf?

Two years old.

70. How long is the gestation of a cow?

9 months or about 270 days.

71. Do cows have more than one calf per pregnancy?

95% - 97% the pregnancies result in single births.

72. How many days are cows milked after they have a calf?

305 days or 10 months.

73. How do cows stop giving milk?

When you stop milking a cow the milk glands shut down, milk absorbs back into their body and within 3-5 days they don’t produce milk.

74. How many calves do cows have in a lifetime?

After 2 years of age a cow can have a calf every year until they get to be 15-20 years.

75. Do cows have to have a calf each year? Why?

Yes, so they can continue to give milk they must have a calf.

76. How long do cows live to be?

15-20 years

77. When did milk first get pasteurized?

In 1856

78. Why did they pasteurize milk?

Milk is treated with heat in order to destroy pathogens or disease producing organisms.

Pasteurization protects the purity and flavor of the milk without affecting its nutrient value.

79. Who invented pasteurization?

Louis Pasteur, a French scientist discovered that heating liquids to high temperatures kills bacteria.

80. When did dairy plants first start using glass bottles?

In 1884 dairy plants started using glass bottles.

81. What did they store milk in before glass bottles?

Before glass bottles they used jars, pails, cans and crocks.

82. What year was the first paper milk carton used?

In 1906 the first paper milk carton was used.

83. What year was the first plastic milk jugs used?

In 1964 plastic milk jugs were introduced.

84. Years ago when people traveled, how did they get fresh milk?

They had to take the cows with them.

85. What is cud? How many hours do cows chew their cud?

Cud is the food which is swallowed by the cow and later burped up to chew again. A cow chews cud 6-8 hours daily.

86. What time of the year are dairy products sold at higher volume?

Cheese is big at holiday and super bowl time and milk is at higher volume during the school year.

87. What is an udder and where is the udder?

An udder is the mammary glands of the cow, the part of the cow where milk is stored. The udder is made up of 4 quarters.

88. What is an orifice? Where is the orifice?

Orifice is the hole (or the streak canal) that is at the tip of the teat where milk comes out.

89. How many teats does a cow have? Where are the teats? 4 teats under the udder

90. At what age do cows begin to produce milk?

2 years old when they have first calf.

91. How many different breeds of dairy cows are there?

92. Which breed gives the most milk?

Holstein

93. Which breed has the most fat in their milk?

Jersey

94. What is fat of the milk called?

Cream

95. Which breed is the largest?

Holstein and Brown Swiss

96. Which breed contributed the most to our nation’s livelihood in the pioneer days and why?

Milking and Horthorn cows because they supplied not only milk but excellent meat and power for labor.

97. Which breed is the smallest?

Jersey’s

98. Which breed tolerates heat better?

Jerseys

99. Which breed is the most laid back?

Brown Swiss

100. Which breed does best on grazing?

Ayrshire

101. Which breed is the nervous one?

Holstein

102. Which breed is the most popular used and why?

Holstein they give the most milk.

103. Where did these six breeds originate from?

Dairy cattle breeds are of European origin.

104. How much does an average cow weigh?

1400 pounds, that’s equal to 28 children who weigh 50 pounds each.

105. Is good milk production in cows something that is inherited?

Yes

106. What is artificial insemination?

We do not use bull on our farm. We use this artificial insemination procedure (with frozen semen delivered right to our dairy).

107. Why do cows have ear tags in their ears?

To identify the cow instead or along with a name for breeding history reasons.

108. What do the numbers on the tags mean?

It is their identity mark to tell the dairy farmer who’s who because the cows look a lot alike.

109. Why are records of who’s who in the history of doing cattle on the farms so important?

Records are very important because the herd can be improved tremendously by genetics and artificial breeding.

110. What does the term “dry cow” mean?

The cow has been milking for 10 months and now she is 7 months pregnant the last 2 months before she calves is considered dry time because she does not get milked for 2 months until she calves again.

111. How much does a Holstein baby calf weigh at birth? 90-125 pounds

112. Do they get vaccinated just like humans?

Yes they get vaccinated for scours and black leg.

113. What about Holstein spots?

Each Holstein has its own unique spots. There are no two alike. Like the zebra with their stripes.

New cattle raisers

Artificial Insemination

Breeding

Bull Questions

Calf Care

Calving and Calving Problems

Cattle Equipment

Common Diseases

Feed and Nutrition

Fencing

Genetics

Hay

Herd Healthcare

Pasture Management

Haying

Pasture

Predator


Introduction

Have you ever wondered why your horse or cattle do certain things?

Behavior problems in grazing animals. Some of the topics that will be covered are: Why does a horse that is well behaved most of the time suddenly rear or buck and why is a hand reared pet bull sometimes dangerous? Other areas that will be covered are loading onto a trailer and teaching animals to lead. An understanding of behavioral principles will make it easier, safer and more enjoyable when you work with animals.

Question: Why is my horse or bull calm and well behaved at home, but he becomes agitated and hard to handle at a show or auction?

Answer: This problem is most likely to occur in animals with flighty, excitable genetics. Animals with an excitable temperament are more likely to panic when they are suddenly confronted with the novel environment of a show or auction. Animals that have inherited a calmer temperament are less likely to panic in a new environment. To help prevent this problem, get your horse or bull accustomed to the sights and sounds of a show or auction. He needs to be gradually exposed to flags, bicycles, public address systems and learn to remain calm when his familiar caretaker is absent. A safe way to begin acclimating an animal to flags is to put them up in the pasture and allow the naturally curious animal to approach and explore them. The animal needs to become acclimated to new things BEFORE he leaves home. One way to help prevent an animal from becoming agitated when a familiar caretaker is absent is to have many different people quietly handle the young animal. It needs to learn that people in general are good.

Question: Why are some cattle so "wild" when they enter a feedlot and how can I produce calmer cattle which will settle down more quickly when they enter a feedlot?

Answer: Cattle that originate from ranches where they seldom see people will be harder to handle at the feedlot than cattle that see people every day. Ranchers should walk quietly among their cattle to get them accustomed to closer contact with people. Another problem is that cattle that have been exclusively handled by people on horseback may become agitated when handled by people on foot. This is particularly a problem at the packing plant because all handling is done on foot. Some of the animals that see a man on foot for the first time at a packing plant can be dangerous and difficult to handle. To prevent this problem, cattle should be quietly introduced to people on foot, people on horseback and to many types of vehicles before they leave the ranch of origin. It is important that the calves' first experience with a person on foot or on horseback is positive. First experiences with new things make a big impression on animals. It is very important to make sure the first experience is either positive or neutral. On ranches where handling is done on horseback, the animals should also be acclimated to people walking through them. On ranches where all handling is done on foot, the animals should be acclimated to horses and riders walking through them so they will be familiar with them before they arrive at a feedlot. Invite some friends over to ride through your pastures. If the calf's first experiences with a horse and rider is being roped, this could cause problems when the calf goes to a feedlot. This could make him scared of horses.

Question: Most of my cattle will move easily through the squeeze chute but a few of my cows refuse to enter.

Answer: The most likely explanation is that the cows that refuse to move have had a bad experience such as being accidentally hit hard on the head with the headgate. Cattle have excellent memories and animals that have had their neck or head hurt by the headgate do not forget.

Question: What is the best way to teach a colt or steer to lead?

Answer: You need to use behavioral principles to induce the animal to lead instead of force. For steers, let them wear a halter with a dragging lead rope for several days so that they learn to not pull back when they step on the rope. Do not tie the animal to a post and let it pull back and fight. Doing this can ruin some of the animals that have a nervous, excitable disposition. They can get so frightened that they never get over the trauma. An animal with a more placid, calm temperament will habituate after he pulls back on the halter a few times but the animal with a nervous, excitable temperament may become so scared that he may start kicking at people due to fear. The animal may never get over its fear and may become a dangerous animal that is likely to kick people. Plan on taking plenty of time to train your animal. This is especially important with nervous, flighty cattle and hot-blooded breeds of horses. Teach your animal to stand still and to lower its head when you take the halter on or off. When taking the halter off, wait until the animal's head is down and he is calm. This teaches the animal that the halter only comes off when the behavior is calm. Once the animal has become accustomed to the halter, it has to learn to be led. The mistake that many people make is to keep pulling on the halter when the animal moves forward. When the animal takes one small step forward or even leans forward, you should instantly stop pulling on the lead rope. This rewards the animal by relieving pressure. The timing has to be right otherwise the animal will not make the association. It has to learn that you will stop pulling when it moves forward. Always end a training session on a good note with the animal doing something right. If your horse or steer become fearful and excited, it will take 30 minutes for him to calm back down. Keep training sessions short and end them before your animal gets agitated.

Question: Why does the hand raised pet bull calf or male llama attack its owner when it becomes fully mature?

Answer: The problem is due to mistaken identity. Grazing animals identify with the animals or people they grow up with. To produce a safer bull, young bull calves should be either raised on a cow or placed in a social group with other calves before they are 6 to 7 week sold. They need to grow up with their own kind. The bull calf that is raised away from other cattle is more likely to attack people because he views them as rivals and wants to become dominant. Therefore he attacks people instead of trying to become dominant over another bull. Another way to prevent future aggression in an orphan hand raised bull calf is to make a steer out of it. If the male animal has valuable genetics, move him somewhere where he can be raised in a social group with others of his own kind. Rearing animals in a social group will also help prevent excessive fighting in bulls, steers, heifers, mares, geldings or stallions. Animals reared by themselves do not know when to stop fighting another animal.

Question: How do I teach a young colt to load onto a trailer?

Answer: It is very important that the colt's first experience with the trailer is good. If he hits his head or falls down the first time loading is attempted, he will never forget it. A permanent fear memory may be formed which could cause the horse to fear trailers. Fear memory formation is especially a problem in hot-blooded horses with a nervous temperament. When introducing a trailer, try feeding the horse in it. Often it is easier to get a horse into a large stock trailer. To reach the feed, the horse has to go all the way into the trailer. I recommend a large stock trailer when first introducing an animal to a trailer. After he learns to go in the stock trailer, he can then be trained to go into smaller trailers. Opening up a window in the front of the trailer so that the horse can see light through the front of the trailer may also make loading easier. Animals often resist going into dark places. It is also essential that the trailer has non-slip flooring. Animals panic when they start to slip. Removing the partitions in slant load or a two horse trailer often makes it easier to teach a horse to enter the trailer. When you arrive at your destination wait until the horse is calm before you let him out of the trailer.

Question: Why does my usually well-behaved horse suddenly buck or rear for apparently no reason?

Answer: This may be caused by an old fear memory being triggered. Often the problem occurs when the horse transitions from one gait to another. When the horse was first trained, too many new things may have been forced onto the horse too quickly. This may have caused him to get very frightened. This is especially a problem in more hot-blooded horses. Memories in animals are sensory based and they would be stored in the brain like pictures, audiotapes or specific tactile touch feelings. When a horse changes gait, a saddle feels different. The weird feeling of cantering with the saddle for the first time may have frightened the horse. A horse with a calm disposition can be more quickly introduced to new things than an animal with a flighty, excitable disposition. Fear memories are very specific. I observed a horse that was afraid of black cowboy hats and white hats had no effect. The horse's fear was due to being abused by a man wearing a black cowboy hat. If the object the horse fears can be removed, bucking and rearing my stop. It may also be possible to calm the horse down by talking to him. I have observed that a horse or cow will often calm down when it hears the voice of a person it trusts. The bucking problem that occurs when the horse changes gaits can sometimes be prevented by substituting a completely different saddle or pad that will feel different. Tack that feels different may not trigger the old fear memory. If a horse has been abused with a bit, try a hackamore. A bit with a completely different design may also work. The worst thing a person can do is to punish fear-based behavior. Punishing fear just makes it worse.

Question: How can I tell when horses or cattle are starting to become fearful and agitated?
Answer: Both horses and cattle will start switching their tails when they begin to become fearful. As the animal becomes increasingly agitated, the tail will lash back and force faster and faster. When a horse is being trained, the lesson should be ended before the animal shows signs of agitation or fear. Always end the lesson on a good note. Get the animal to do something right before you quit. With young animals keep training sessions short. Fifteen minutes every day is better than 2 hours once a week. Pushing a young horse too hard when it shows signs of fear may result in rearing or bucking. Another sign the horse is becoming fearful is he will raise his head higher and higher. Agitated fearful cattle in a milling herd will raise their heads up. Fearfulness or agitation is a matter of degree. A good visual analogy is a pot of water heating up to a boil. When an animal kicks or bucks the pot has boiled over. When a horse does a one or two tail swishes, the pot may be just starting to simmer. A training session should probably be continued when there is one or two tail swishes, but the trainer must learn to read the animal so that it is never pushed to the point that it bucks, kicks or bites.

People who work with animals must not misinterpret motivation. A horse that bucks during training or a cow that struggles in a squeeze chute is motivated by fear. When a bull attacks, the behavior is motivated by true aggression. Punishing a fearful animal will make it worse, where punishing an aggressive or disobedient animal may be appropriate in some situations. Just remember, animals with more flighty, excitable genetics will have more fear-based behavior.

Question: How can I teach a horse or cow to respect my space and to not run over me?
Answer: Problems with pushy animals are most likely to occur with low fear animals with calm genetics. It is best to teach animals when they are young on appropriate interactions with people. Never, Never play butting games with a bull calf and never encourage a colt to push up against you. The animals need to learn to respect your space and that you will pet or feed on your terms. Only offer feed when the animal respects your space. Scratch bulls under the chin, on the withers and on the rear end. Scratching cattle on the forehead encourages butting. Horses should be rubbed on the withers and forehead. The effect of rubbing on the forehead is different in horses and cattle. Try positive reinforcement first. Stroke the animal when he is not pushy and instantly withdraw stroking if he starts getting pushy. You should also teach the animal to get back when you ask him too. Stroking is more effective than patting. Stroking is more like the natural licking of a mother animal. Horses have a nibbling, grooming behavior that is too rough for tender human skin. Your horse has to learn that he cannot do his natural horse behavior on you. If he tries to nibble, try instantly withdrawing stroking. Your timing must be quick so that he will make the association. Try withdrawal of positive reinforcement first before resorting to punishment.

Question: Should I imprint train my foals?
Answer: Some foal imprint training methods are too rough and may traumatize foals with a nervous, excitable temperament. I prefer a more gentle approach. If the mare is tame, one can usually start petting a foal within 2 or 3 days. Do not try to sneak up on it. When you are petting the mare, just casually reach over and pet the foal. Soon you should be able to touch the foal all over. This can be done even if the horses are out in a pasture. Avoid little tickle touches; they scare the animal. Stroke the foal with a firm stroke in the areas where the mare licks it. After the foal starts to like this, gradually move to other parts of its body until you can touch it all over. When it accepts body touching all over, stroke the legs and gently pick up the feet.

Question: How do I get my horse to stop pawing when I feed him or get him to stop hitting the stall door with his front foot before I let him out?
Answer: This behavior occurs because the owner does not realize that they may be rewarding bad behavior. To stop pawing, wait until the horse stops then give him the feed or open the door. Gradually increase the time that he must stay still to get the feed. At first feed or open the door when the horse stops pawing for a few moments. Your timing must be right. Open the door before he starts pawing again. Gradually increase the time he must stand still before you open the door.

While rejecting the official claims of “sufficient production”, the processors/dealers here said they still considerably depended on the supplies from outside. “Valley gets good supplies from various places like Uttar Pradesh, Amritsar, Gurdaspora, Ferozpora, Sa ala and many parts of Punjab,” they said. “There is no doubt that the production in the Valley over the years has considerably increased, but to say we are self sufficient is not right,” said president, Kashmir Chamber of Food Processing Industries, Zain-ul-Abideen. He said the Valley processors, both in organized and unorganized sectors, imported huge quantity of milk from Punjab and other places. Abideen said the dairy sector had a huge potential in the Valley. “With a population of about 60 lakh souls in Kashmir we daily need over 18 lakh kgs of milk. This shows the dairy ventures could do a good business in Kashmir provided they are encouraged and promoted,” he added. “The quantity of milk we collect locally varies according to the season. In winter we are able to collect only 20 per cent of the milk locally, and rest we procure from Punjab. In summers however we get 70 per cent locally,” he added. Experts opine: The cattle rearing people in the Valley complain that their animals produce less milk in winter because of cold. They have little heating facilities. Old breed of cows need to be replaced with new high yielding breeds. Kashmir cow produces 5 to 8 liters of milk a day which can be replaced by high yielding breeds which give 20 to 25 liters of milk per day.
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